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Q9: what's the purpose of `python_test_utils` and how does it interact with `python_tests`?

It creates a target using `conftest.py`

<https://www.pantsbuild.org/docs/reference-python_test_utils>

is it possible to add other utility modules under the tests directory to be used with tests?

`conftests` are funny because they aren't your natural python sources, but they also aren't tests themselves... therefore they gettheir own special target

&gt; is it possible to add other utility modules under the tests directory to be used with tests?
Anything is possible. Pants is just built with some conventions in mind, but you are welcome to override/amend the defaults as you need to

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so the missing pieces were `//:reqs` dependency in `python_sources` and `redis/*.py` with `!redis/test_*.py` to specify test utility modules

it is interesting that it runs pytest modules one-by-one to parallelize

do i need to specify this line? it works same with/without the line.

you can try removing it and running the test :wink:

it works without it, so i think pants automatically assumes `python_tests` relies on `python_test_utils` in the same BUILD file